He aha mēnā ka taea te whakakōhua i ngā rauemi whakakotahi i te muka karāhe (GFRP) i te mutunga o tō rātou oranga whai hua, hei tāpiri atu ki ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei o ngā painga kua whakamātauhia mō te whakaiti i te taumaha, te kaha me te pakari, te ātete ki te waikura me te roa? Koinā, i roto i ngā kupu poto, te mea e kukume ana i te hangarau a ABM Composite.
Karāhe koiora-kaha, muka kaha teitei
I whakatūria i te tau 2014, kua whakawhanakehia e Arctic Biomaterials Oy (Tampere, Finland) tētahi muka karāhe pirau-koiora i hangaia mai i te mea e kiia nei ko te karāhe koiora-kaha, e whakaahuatia ana e Ari Rosling, te kaiwhakahaere R&D i ABM Composite, he "hanganga motuhake i whakawhanakehia i te tekau tau atu i 1960 e āhei ai te karāhe kia pirau i raro i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana. Ina whakaurua ki roto i te tinana, ka pakaru te karāhe ki roto i ōna tote kohuke, ka tukuna te konutai, te konupora, ngā phosphate, me ētahi atu, ā, ka hangaia he āhuatanga e whakaohooho ana i te tipu o te wheua."
"He rite tonu ōna āhuatanga kimuka karāhe kore-kawa (karāhe-E)"Engari he uaua te hanga me te kukume i tēnei karāhe koiora ki roto i ngā muka, ā, tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, he paura, he putty rānei te whakamahinga. E ai ki tā mātou e mōhio ana, ko ABM Composite te kamupene tuatahi ki te hanga muka karāhe kaha-teitei mai i a ia i runga i te tauine ahumahi, ā, kei te whakamahi mātou i ēnei muka karāhe ArcBiox X4/5 hei whakapakari i ngā momo kirihou, tae atu ki ngā polymer pirau-koiora."
Ngā whakaurunga hauora
Ko te rohe o Tampere, e rua hāora ki te raki o Helsinki, Finland, he pokapū mō ngā pūmua pirau-koiora mō ngā tono hauora mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980. E whakaahua ana a Rosling, "Ko tētahi o ngā whakaurunga arumoni tuatahi i hangaia ki ēnei rauemi i hangaia i Tampere, ā, koinei te tīmatanga o ABM Composite! koinei tā mātou wāhanga pakihi hauora ināianei".
"He maha ngā pūmua pirau-koiora, mimiti-koiora mō ngā whakaurunga." Ka haere tonu ia, "engari he rerekē rawa ō rātou āhuatanga hangarau i te wheua tūturu. I taea e mātou te whakarei ake i ēnei pūmua pirau-koiora kia rite ai te kaha o te whakaurunga ki te wheua tūturu". I kī a Rosling ka taea e ngā muka karāhe ArcBiox kounga hauora me te tāpiri o te ABM te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga hangarau o ngā pūmua PLLA pirau-koiora mā te 200% ki te 500%.
Nā reira, he nui ake te mahi a ngā tārai a ABM Composite i ngā tārai i hangaia ki ngā pūmua kāore i whakakahangia, ā, he mea mimiti hoki ki te koiora, ā, e whakatairanga ana i te hanganga me te tipu o te wheua. Ka whakamahia hoki e ABM Composite ngā tikanga whakanoho muka/miro aunoa hei whakarite i te whakatakotoranga muka pai rawa atu, tae atu ki te whakatakoto muka i te roanga katoa o te tārai, me te whakanoho i ngā muka tāpiri ki ngā wāhi ngoikore pea.
Ngā tono ā-whare me ngā tono hangarau
I te tipu haere o tana wāhanga pakihi hauora, e mōhio ana a ABM Composite ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā pūmua pirau-koiora me ngā pūmua pirau-koiora mō ngā taputapu kīhini, ngā taputapu kai me ētahi atu taonga o te whare. "He iti ake ngā āhuatanga miihini o ēnei pūmua pirau-koiora ki te whakataurite ki ngā kirihou hinu-koiora." I kī a Rosling, "Engari ka taea e tātou te whakapakari i ēnei rauemi me ā tātou muka karāhe pirau-koiora, ka waiho hei huarahi pai hei whakakapi i ngā kirihou arumoni kua hangaia ki ngā matū tawhito mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono hangarau".
Nā reira, kua whakanuia e ABM Composite tana wāhanga pakihi hangarau, e 60 ngā tāngata e mahi ana i nāianei. "Kei te tuku mātou i ngā otinga pumau mō te mutunga o te ora (EOL)." E kī ana a Rosling, "Ko tā mātou whakaaro nui ko te whakauru i ēnei rauemi pirau-koiora ki ngā mahi whakawairakau ahumahi ka huri hei oneone." He koretake te karāhe-e tuku iho, ā, e kore e pirau i roto i ēnei whare whakawairakau.
Ngā Hikoi muka ArcBiox
Kua whakawhanakehia e ABM Composite ngā momo muka karāhe ArcBiox X4/5 mō ngā tono hiato, mai ingā muka potome ngā matū whakakoi werohanga kimuka tonumō ngā tukanga pēnei i te hanga kakahu me te hanga pultrusion. Ka whakakotahi te whānuitanga ArcBiox BSGF i ngā muka karāhe pirau-koiora me ngā kapia polyester e ahu mai ana i te koiora, ā, kei te wātea i roto i ngā taumata hangarau whānui me ngā taumata ArcBiox 5 kua whakaaetia mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono pa kai.
Kua rangahaua hoki e ABM Composite ngā momo pūmua pirau-koiora me ngā pūmua hanga-koiora tae atu ki te Waikawa Polylactic (PLA), te PLLA me te Polybutylene Succinate (PBS). E whakaatu ana te hoahoa i raro nei me pēhea te whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā muka karāhe X4/5 kia whakataetae ai ki ngā pūmua kua whakapakarihia ki te muka karāhe paerewa pērā i te polypropylene (PP) tae noa ki te polyamide 6 (PA6).
Kua rangahaua hoki e ABM Composite ngā momo pūmua pirau-koiora me ngā pūmua hanga-koiora, tae atu ki te Polylactic Acid (PLA), te PLLA me te Polybutylene Succinate (PBS). E whakaatu ana te hoahoa i raro nei me pēhea te whakapai ake i te mahi a ngā muka karāhe X4/5 kia whakataetae ai ki ngā pūmua kua whakapakarihia ki te muka karāhe paerewa pērā i te polypropylene (PP) me te polyamide 6 (PA6).
Te Pakari me te Whakakotahitanga
Mena ka pirau ēnei rauemi honohono, kia pēhea te roa o te ora? "Kāore ā mātou muka karāhe X4/5 e memeha i roto i te rima meneti, i te pō rānei, pērā i te huka, ā, ahakoa ka memeha haere ō rātou āhuatanga i roto i te wā, kāore e tino kitea." E kī ana a Rosling, "Kia pirau pai ai, me teitei ake ngā pāmahana me te haumākū mō ngā wā roa, e kitea ana i roto i te tinana ora, i roto rānei i ngā puranga wairākau ahumahi. Hei tauira, i whakamatauria e mātou ngā kapu me ngā peihana i hangaia mai i tā mātou rauemi ArcBiox BSGF, ā, ka taea e rātou te tu atu ki te 200 huringa horoi rihi me te kore e ngaro te mahi. He iti te hekenga o ngā āhuatanga miihini, engari kāore i te tae ki te wāhi kāore e haumaru te whakamahi i ngā kapu".
Heoi, he mea nui kia tutuki i te mutunga o te wā e pau ai te whakamahinga o ēnei rauemi whakakotahi, ā, kua whakahaerehia e ABM Composite he raupapa whakamātautau hei whakaatu kei te tutuki i ēnei paerewa. "E ai ki ngā paerewa ISO (mō te whakakotahi ā-umanga), me puta te pirau i roto i ngā marama e 6, ā, me pirau i roto i ngā marama e 3/90". E kī ana a Rosling, "Ko te pirau ko te whakatakoto i te tauira/hua whakamātautau ki roto i te koiora, i te koiora rānei. I muri i ngā rā e 90, ka tirotirohia e te tohunga hangarau te koiora mā te whakamahi i tētahi tātari. I muri i ngā wiki e 12, me taea e te 90 ōrau o te hua te haere mā roto i tētahi tātari 2 mm × 2 mm".
Ka whakatauhia te pirau koiora mā te huri i te rauemi hou kia paura, me te ine i te tapeke o te CO2 i tukuna i muri i ngā rā 90. Mā tēnei ka aromatawaihia te nui o te waro o te tukanga whakawairakau ka hurihia hei wai, hei koiora me te CO2. "Hei paahi i te whakamātautau whakawairakau ahumahi, me tutuki te 90 ōrau o te 100 ōrau CO2 matapae mai i te tukanga whakawairakau (i runga i te nui o te waro)".
E ai ki a Rosling kua tutuki i a ABM Composite ngā whakaritenga pirau me te pirau koiora, ā, kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau mā te tāpiri i tana muka karāhe X4 ka whakapai ake i te pirau koiora (tirohia te ripanga i runga ake nei), he 78% noa iho tēnei mō te ranunga PLA kāore i whakakahangia, hei tauira. E whakamārama ana ia, "Heoi, i te tāpiritanga o ā mātou muka karāhe pirau koiora 30%, ka piki ake te pirau koiora ki te 94%, i te mea he pai tonu ngā tere pirau".
Nā reira, kua whakaatuhia e ABM Composite ka taea te whakamana i ana rauemi hei wairākau e ai ki te EN 13432. Ko ngā whakamātautau kua paahitia e ana rauemi tae noa ki tēnei wā ko te ISO 14855-1 mō te pirau ā-hauora whakamutunga o ngā rauemi i raro i ngā tikanga wairākau whakahaeretia, ISO 16929 mō te pirau ā-hauora whakahaeretia, ISO DIN EN 13432 mō ngā whakaritenga matū, me te OECD 208 mō te whakamātautau paitini tipu, ISO DIN EN 13432.
Ka tukuna te CO2 i te wā e whakakoi ana i te wairākau
I te wā e whakakōmipi ana, ka tukuna te CO2, engari ka toe tonu ētahi ki te oneone, ā, ka whakamahia e ngā tipu. Kua roa te rangahau mō te whakakōmipi, hei tukanga ahumahi, hei tukanga whai muri i te whakakōmipi e iti ake ai te CO2 e tukuna ana i ērā atu huarahi whakakore para, ā, e kiia tonu ana te whakakōmipi he tukanga pai mō te taiao me te whakaiti i te tapuwae waro.
Ko te paitini taiao ko te whakamātautau i te koiora i puta i te wā o te tukanga whakawairakau me ngā tipu i whakatipuria me tēnei koiora. "Ko tēnei hei whakarite kia kore te whakawairakau i ēnei hua e kino ki ngā tipu e tipu ana," te kī a Rosling. Hei tāpiri, kua whakaatuhia e ABM Composite e tutuki ana āna rauemi i ngā whakaritenga pirau koiora i raro i ngā tikanga whakawairakau kāinga, e hiahia ana hoki kia 90% te pirau koiora, engari i roto i te wā 12-marama, ki te whakaritea ki te wā poto ake mō te whakawairakau ahumahi.
Ngā tono ahumahi, te whakaputa, ngā utu me te tipu ā-muri
E whakamahia ana ngā rauemi a ABM Composite i roto i ngā mahi arumoni maha, engari kāore e taea te whakaatu i ētahi atu mea nā runga i ngā whakaaetanga tūmataiti. "Ka tono mātou i ā mātou rauemi kia rite ki ngā mahi pēnei i ngā kapu, ngā pereti, ngā pereti, ngā taputapu kai me ngā ipu rokiroki kai," te kī a Rosling, "engari ka whakamahia hoki hei whakakapi i ngā kirihou hinu i roto i ngā ipu whakapaipai me ngā taonga whare nui. Nō nā tata nei, kua tīpakohia ā mātou rauemi hei whakamahi i roto i te hanga wāhanga i roto i ngā whakaurunga mīhini ahumahi nui me whakakapi i ia 2-12 wiki. Kua mōhio ēnei kamupene mā te whakamahi i tā mātou whakakaha muka karāhe X4, ka taea te hanga i ēnei wāhanga miihini me te ātete kakahu e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka taea hoki te whakawairakau i muri i te whakamahinga. He otinga ātaahua tēnei mō ngā rā kei te heke mai i te mea e anga atu ana ēnei kamupene ki te wero o te whakatutuki i ngā ture taiao me ngā tukunga CO2 hou".
I tāpiri atu a Rosling, "Kei te piki haere hoki te hiahia ki te whakamahi i ā mātou muka tonu i roto i ngā momo papanga me ngā mea kore-whatu hei hanga i ngā wāhanga hanganga mō te umanga hanga. Kei te kite hoki mātou i te hiahia ki te whakamahi i ā mātou muka pirau-koiora me ngā rauemi PA, PP rānei e hangai ana ki te koiora engari kāore e pirau-koiora me te thermoset kore-pūmau".
I tēnei wā, he nui ake te utu o te muka karāhe X4/5 i te E-glass, engari he iti noa iho ngā rahinga whakaputa, ā, kei te whai a ABM Composite i ētahi whai wāhitanga hei whakawhānui ake i ngā tono me te whakahaere i te pikinga ki te 20,000 tāne/tau i te mea ka tipu haere te tono, ka āwhina pea tēnei ki te whakaiti i ngā utu. Ahakoa rā, e kī ana a Rosling i roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, kāore anō kia tino whakaarohia ngā utu e pā ana ki te whakatutuki i te oranga tonutanga me ngā whakaritenga ture hou. I taua wā tonu, kei te tipu haere te hiahia ki te whakaora i te ao. "Kei te akiaki kē te hapori kia nui ake ngā hua e ahu mai ana i te koiora." E whakamārama ana ia, "He maha ngā whakatenatena hei pana i ngā hangarau hangarua ki mua, me tere ake te neke a te ao ki tēnei, ā, ki taku whakaaro ka whakanui noa te hapori i tana pana mō ngā hua e ahu mai ana i te koiora ā muri ake nei".
LCA me te Painga Whakapūmau
E ai ki a Rosling, ka whakaitihia e ngā rauemi a ABM Composite ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi me te whakamahinga o te pūngao kore-whakahou mā te 50-60 ōrau mō ia kirokaramu. "E whakamahi ana mātou i te Environmental Footprint Database 2.0, te huinga raraunga GaBi kua whakamanahia, me ngā tātaitanga LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) mō ā mātou hua i runga i te tikanga kua whakarārangihia i roto i te ISO 14040 me te ISO 14044".
"I tēnei wā, ina tae ngā rauemi hiato ki te mutunga o tō rātou huringa ora, he nui te pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei tahu, hei whakapūkara rānei i ngā para hiato me ngā hua EOL, ā, he kōwhiringa ātaahua te haehae me te whakakōmipiuta, ā, koinei tētahi o ngā tino uara e tukuna ana e mātou, ā, kei te whakarato mātou i tētahi momo hangarua hou." E kī ana a Rosling, "He mea hanga ā mātou muka karāhe mai i ngā wāhanga kohuke tūturu kua noho kē i roto i te oneone. Nō reira, he aha e kore ai e whakakōmipiuta i ngā wāhanga hiato EOL, e whakarewa rānei i ngā muka mai i ngā rauemi hiato kāore e pirau i muri i te tahunga me te whakamahi hei tongi? He kōwhiringa hangarua tēnei e tino pārekareka ana ki te ao katoa".
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